Concepts:
cytochrome oxidase, mitochondria, near-IR spectroscopy, signaling, photobiomodulation, near-IR spectral range, reactive oxygen species, increased oxidative metabolism, genes, signaling events, electron transfer, cascade, initiation, mitochondrial respiratory, cellular.


Summary:
"A growing body of evidence suggests that cytochrome oxidase is a key photoacceptor of light in the far-red to near-IR spectral range.

Cytochrome oxidase is an integral membrane protein that contains four redox active metal centers and has a strong absorbance in the far-red to near-IR spectral range detectable in vivo by near-IR spectroscopy."

"Moreover, 660--680 nm of irradiation has been shown to increase electron transfer in purified cytochrome oxidase, increase mitochondrial respiration and ATP synthesis in isolated mitochondria, and up-regulate cytochrome oxidase activity in cultured neuronal cells

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